Baby Boom, Population Aging, and Capital Markets

published_or_final_versio

On Zero-Sum Two Person Perfect Information Stochastic Games

A zero-sum two person Perfect Information Stochastic game (PISG) under limiting average payoff has a value and both the maximiser and the minimiser have optimal pure stationary strategies. Firstly we form the matrix of undiscounted payoffs corresponding to each pair of pure stationary strategies (for each initial state) of the two players and prove that this matrix has a pure saddle point. Then by using the results by Derman [1] we prove the existence of optimal pure stationary strategy pair of the players. A crude but finite step algorithm is given to compute such an optimal pure stationary strategy pair of the players.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2201.0017

On Zero-Sum Two Person Perfect Information Semi-Markov Games

A zero-sum two-person Perfect Information Semi-Markov game (PISMG) under limiting ratio average payoff has a value and both the maximiser and the minimiser have optimal pure semi-stationary strategies. We arrive at the result by first fixing an arbitrary initial state and forming the matrix of undiscounted payoffs corresponding to each pair of pure stationary strategies of the two players and proving that this matrix has a pure saddle point

Adsorption of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Plantain Leaf Sheath Waste

All parts of the plantain are widely used in India for various purposes. But plantain leaf sheath always ends up as waste material which accumulates as a biowaste. The present study focuses on the preparation of activated carbon using phosphoric acid as activating agent, and its efficacy as an adsorbent for the removal of reactive dyes, Reactive Green 19, and Reactive Red 141. Batch adsorption studies have been conducted and optimum adsorption conditions were determined as a function of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The pseudo-first and second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models were used to analyze the kinetic parameters of the adsorption system. Under the optimum conditions (initial dye concentration = 200 mg L–1, adsorbent dose = 1 g, pH = 2, contact time = 220 min for reactive green 19 and 180 min for reactive red 141), maximum percentage removal for reactive green 19 and reactive red 141 were obtained as 65.9 % and 72.7 %, respectively. The results demonstrate that activated carbon produced from chemical activation of the plantain waste has the potential of adsorbing reactive dyes from industrial effluents. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Case study: Anaesthesia implications and considerations in a case of pemphigus vulgaris for orthopaedic bipolar prosthesis implant surgery

A 60-year-old patient suffering from pemphigus vulgaris for the past year was admitted to the emergency ward for fracture neck of femur. She also presented with lesions involving oral mucosa, back, inframammary and genital areas which were in partial remission. In hospital she was diagnosed with hypertension and was put on anti-hypertensives. Special attention was paid during positioning for surgery, administration of regional anaesthesia and placement of the intravenous line as well as monitoring devices. General anaesthesia was avoided in the presence of partially active oral lesions. Combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia was administered using bupivacaine-clonidine mixture. No haemodynamic complication was observed with 30 μg of clonidine intrathecally and no skin lesion occurred at the site of injections or Tegaderm application

Schwinger-Keldysh Propagators from AdS/CFT Correspondence

We demonstrate how to compute real-time Green's functions for a class of finite temperature field theories from their AdS gravity duals. In particular, we reproduce the two-by-two Schwinger-Keldysh matrix propagator from a gravity calculation. Our methods should work also for computing higher point Lorentzian signature correlators. We elucidate the boundary condition subtleties which hampered previous efforts to build a Lorentzian-signature AdS/CFT correspondence. For two-point correlators, our construction is automatically equivalent to the previously formulated prescription for the retarded propagator.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure, references added; to appear in JHE

Phase Coherence in Quantum Brownian Motion

The quantum theory of Brownian motion is discussed in the Schwinger version wherein the notion of a coordinate moving forward in time $x(t)$ is replaced by two coordinates, $x_+(t)$ moving forward in time and $x_-(t)$ moving backward in time. The role of the doubling of the degrees of freedom is illustrated for the case of electron beam two slit diffraction experiments. Interference is computed with and without dissipation (described by a thermal bath). The notion of a dissipative interference phase, closely analogous to the Aharonov-Bohm magnetic field induced phase, is explored.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, 2 Figure

Nonrandomized comparison of local urokinase thrombolysis versus systemic heparin anticoagulation for superior sagittal sinus thrombosis

Background and Purpose We sought to compare the safety and efficacy of direct urokinase thrombolysis with systemic heparin anticoagulation for superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (SSST). Methods At University at Buffalo (NY) and University of Texas (Dallas, Houston), we reviewed 40 consecutive patients with SSST, treated with local urokinase (thrombolysis group) or systemic heparin anticoagulation (heparin group). The thrombolysis group (n=20) received local urokinase into the SSS followed by systemic heparin anticoagulation. The heparin group (n=20) received systemic heparin anticoagulation only. Neurological dysfunction was rated as follows: 0, normal; 1, mild (but able to ambulate and communicate); 2, moderate (unable to ambulate, normal mentation); and 3, severe (unable to ambulate, altered mentation). Results Age (P=0.49), sex (P=0.20), baseline venous infarction (P=0.73), and predisposing illnesses (P=0.52) were similar between the thrombolysis and heparin groups. Pretreatment neurological function was worse in the thrombolysis group (normal, n=5; mild, n=8; moderate, n=4; severe, n=3) than in the heparin group (normal, n=8; mild, n=8; moderate, n=3; severe, n=1) (P=NS). Discharge neurological function was better in the thrombolysis group (normal, n=16; mild, n=3; moderate, n=1; severe, n=0) than in the heparin group (normal, n=9; mild, n=6; moderate, n=5; severe, n=0) (P=0.019, Mann-Whitney U test). Hemorrhagic complications were 10% (n=2) in the thrombolysis group (subdural hematoma, retroperitoneal hemorrhage) and none in the heparin group (P=0.49). Three of the heparin group patients developed complications of the underlying disease (status epilepticus, hydrocephalus, refractory papilledema). No deaths occurred. Length of hospital stay was similar between the groups (P=0.79). Conclusions Local thrombolysis with urokinase is fairly well tolerated and may be more effective than systemic heparin anticoagulation alone in treating SSST. A randomized, prospective study comparing these 2 treatments for SSST is warranted

Time evolution of the chiral phase transition during a spherical expansion

We examine the non-equilibrium time evolution of the hadronic plasma produced in a relativistic heavy ion collision, assuming a spherical expansion into the vacuum. We study the $O(4)$ linear sigma model to leading order in a large-$N$ expansion. Starting at a temperature above the phase transition, the system expands and cools, finally settling into the broken symmetry vacuum state. We consider the proper time evolution of the effective pion mass, the order parameter $\langle \sigma \rangle$, and the particle number distribution. We examine several different initial conditions and look for instabilities (exponentially growing long wavelength modes) which can lead to the formation of disoriented chiral condensates (DCCs). We find that instabilities exist for proper times which are less than 3 fm/c. We also show that an experimental signature of domain growth is an increase in the low momentum spectrum of outgoing pions when compared to an expansion in thermal equilibrium. In comparison to particle production during a longitudinal expansion, we find that in a spherical expansion the system reaches the ``out'' regime much faster and more particles get produced. However the size of the unstable region, which is related to the domain size of DCCs, is not enhanced.Comment: REVTex, 20 pages, 8 postscript figures embedded with eps